@inproceedings{bibcite_16105,
  author = {Godlove Kuaban and Tadeusz Czach{\'o}rski and Erol Gelenbe and Piotr Pecka and Piotr Czekalski},
  title = {Energy Dynamics of Green IoT Nodes with Time-Varying Energy Harvesting, Leakage, and Consumption Patterns},
  abstract = {<p>The growing proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has intensified the need for sustainable energy solutions, particularly in resource-constrained deployments where non-rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are the primary energy sources. Green IoT (G-IoT) frameworks address this challenge by combining energy-saving techniques with energy harvesting from ambient sources such as solar power. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy and the non-ideal behavior of energy storage systems{\textemdash}such as energy leakage and capacity degradation{\textemdash}complicate reliable energy provisioning. This paper presents a novel Markovian framework for modelling the coupled dynamics of time-varying solar energy harvesting, time-dependent energy consumption, and state-dependent energy leakage in G-IoT systems. Unlike traditional steady-state models, our approach uses Discrete-Time Markov Chains (DTMCs) to capture the stochastic variability in both energy harvesting and consumption processes. We also introduce a refined leakage model in which the leakage rate is dynamically dependent on the stored energy level, enabling a more realistic characterization of energy losses due to energy leakage. Through extensive analytical evaluation, we examine how key parameters{\textemdash}such as storage capacity, leakage rate coefficient, and energy harvesting and consumption patterns{\textemdash}affect critical performance metrics, including the mean stored energy and energy-related service outage probability. Furthermore, we propose a parameter tuning strategy to optimize energy reliability and storage efficiency. The proposed model provides valuable insights for the design and optimization of robust, energy-aware IoT systems powered by renewable energy sources.</p>
},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {33rd International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication System},
  month = {12/2025},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address = {Paris, France},
  doi = {10.1109/MASCOTS67699.2025.11283368},
  language = {eng},
}