01653nas a2200157   4500000000100000008004100001260000900042100001900051700002400070700001700094700001800111700002000129245009500149520122900244020002201473       2024                            d  bIEEE1 aGodlove Kuaban1 aTadeusz Czachórski1 aErol Gelenbe1 aSapana Sharma1 aPiotr Czekalski00aA Markov model for a Self-Powered Green IoT Device with State-Dependent Energy Consumption3 a<pre>
The growing concerns about the resource sustainability and environmental impact of deploying billions or trillions of IoT devices in the various sectors of society or economy have given rise to an energy research field known as Green-IoT (G-IoT). G-IoT emphasises the need to prioritise energy efficiency and the reduction of pollution in the IoT ecosystem. This paper presents a Markov model for a self-powered Green IoT device with state-dependent energy consumption. The model evaluates the energy performance of a self-powered Green IoT device. We derive the probability distribution of the energy content of the battery, including the probability that the energy stored in the battery is completely depleted and the density of the lifetime of the IoT device. We investigate the influence of some design parameters on the results. Introducing the threshold at which the device is forced to enter an energy-saving regime significantly increases a G-IoT device's lifetime. Apart from deploying energy-efficient mechanisms to increase the lifetime of a G-IoT device, integrating an efficient energy harvesting system into the device will increase its lifetime and reduce the frequency of battery replacement.</pre>
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